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Functions Of Operations Management At Tesco Plc - 3232 Words

Part-1 Introduction Operations management has gained significant importance among academicians and business practitioners in recent years because managing business operations profoundly impacts an organisation’s costs, and is therefore a basic key to achieving the competitive advantage (Barnes, 2008). Organisations can operate its business successfully only if it is able to manage its operation activities efficiently and effectively by making best use of the resources at its disposal and by ensuing that its customers receive goods or services with highest level of values. Operations management functions as a strategic link between consumers and the senior management team with a view to meet consumers’ requirements in a way that they are fully satisfied. Framing of this paper This paper will evaluate functions of operations management in comparison to the business case of Tesco Plc. Tesco has been adopting best practices of operations management to enhance improved performance throughout its stores. First part of this paper will evaluate the contributions of operations management to Tesco, and the second part will discuss the basic operations objectives in relation to Tesco Plc. Third section will critically evaluate the processes at Tesco that helped to achieve the operations objectives. The fourth section will recommend changes that are required for Tesco to improve its operations objectives. Brief overview of Tesco Plc Tesco Plc, founded by Jack Cohen in 1919 as aShow MoreRelatedBcg Matrix Is A Model Developed Via The Boston Consultancy Group1691 Words   |  7 Pagesindustry attractive attractiveness, and market share stands for competitive knowledge. This helps the advertising manager allocate resources and is used as an analytical device in company advertising and marketing, product administration, strategic management and so forth. 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Women Safety in Urban Public Spaces Free Essays

string(54) " developed their ain manner to undertake this fright\." Womans Safety in Urban Public Spaces Abstractions: â€Å" It feels really uncomfortable to walk past that route at that clip. † These are the words we frequently hear from many people, particularly adult females. Bing designers and urban contrivers do we hold any function to play in undertaking this issue? It is the right of every person to experience safe and entree every infinite. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Safety in Urban Public Spaces or any similar topic only for you Order Now Women, most of the clip experience fright in public infinites and male dominated infinite. This paper aims to understand the cardinal grounds that contribute to do a infinite insecure and note peoples position of this job. Secluded or dead edifices, secluded infinites, heavy flora, hapless substructure and lighting and improper care most of the clip consequence in infinites which would be perceived as fearful. On the other manus, the societal construction is frequently extended into the infinites. A particular instance of Nagarjuna Nagar in Vijayawada has been studied to associate and take note of the perceptual experiences of people. The consequences from this study has been compared to many theories that have been developed over clip by celebrated geographers and urban contrivers and interior decorators and sociologists. Cardinal Wordss:Fear, safe infinites, adult females and spacial constellation, urban safety Introduction: â€Å" Sexual torment at public topographic points is unwelcome, unasked behavior of a sexual nature including staring, gesticulating, touching, go throughing remarks, draging. These may non look to be a large job, but they can be rather disconcerting. It makes adult females experience ashamed, humiliated or frightened. † ( Vijayawada Police ) What is an insecure infinite? In existent universe, it is a construct developed by people over clip. When a individual refers to a infinite as insecure, he arrived at the sentiment due to their expericence in such infinites or bad lucks encountered by other people in such infinites. Research in peculiar suggests three factors that mediate the impact of different beginnings of fright information: memorability, affectivity and informativeness( Tyler and Rasinski, 1984 ) . Fear beginnings which give a clear image of where the offense took topographic point, on whom, by whom etc.. create a graphic image of environments of fear.Information about onslaughts which relate to adult females ‘s ain life style ( geographically and socially ) have a stronger impact on their images of danger as they are easy able to conceive of the same thing go oning to themselves( Gill Valentine ; Images of Danger: Women ‘s Beginnings of Information about the Spatial Distribution of Male Violence ) . Safety or fright of offense in any infinite is non merely limited to adult females. The psycological impact that fright dramas in the mobility form of adult females should be considered as an facet in design. â€Å"Although feeling unsafe is non confined to adult females, the fright that adult females feel in urban countries is rather peculiar. It is to make with physical and psychological honor†¦ Although non all adult females have been raped or attacked, all have felt at some point that indefinable feeling of malaise which ranges from simply experiencing uncomfortable to paralysis† .( Samaoun, 2000: 29 ) The fright that adult females develop over infinites restrict them to entree a infinite. Women ‘s fright of danger in a public infinite in high compared to a private infinite while the statics show up an wholly contrastive image. Surveys show that adult females tend to fear offense more than work forces do but are less exposed to offense than work forces( Tiby, E. 1991 ). The chief beginning of adult females ‘s fright is the fright of an extra crime- a sexual onslaught besides robbery or burglary( Carina Listerborn ; Women ‘s Fear A ; Spatial Configurations ) . AsDoreen Masseygenuinely argues inFor Spacethat our societal dealingss are being extended into the physical environment and therefore spacial dealingss are political. This in a manner adds to the full scene. It can be found that India being a patriarchal society, reflects this construction and beliefs in the reinforced environment. When a miss reaches 15 old ages, limitation would be laid on her communal form, where as a male child of same age is allowed to entree any infinite at any hr of the twenty-four hours. We need to understand how strong the physical environment is, in determining the lives of people. They are non given the benefit to lounge unlike work forces and alternatively forced to restrict herself to the domestic sphere alternatively of reshaping the public infinites to do her feel safe.( Shall We Go Out? Women ‘s Safety in Public Spaces in Delhi ; Kalpana Viswanath, Surabhi Tandon Mehrotra) . Womans are encouraged to transport out Piper nigrum sprays and larn self- defense mechanism fast ones instead than seeking to work out the corporate societal issue. People’s voices should be given extreme value and a advisory procedure should ensue into a solution. Merely so can adult females entree the full rights of being an urban citizen( Shall We Go Out: Women ‘s Safety in Public Spaces ) . Carina Listerborn in Women ‘s Fear A ; Space Configurationsjustly inquiries â€Å" how democratic and justified is it to experience insecure in a infinite which is an of import facet of quality of societal life? † In this context, there is a demand to cognize about the significance of a public infinite in an urban context. Public infinites play a important function in judging the quality of an metropolis. As pointed out justlyby Kalpana Viswanath, Surabhi Tadon Mehrotra in Shall We Go Out: Women ‘s Safety in Public Spaces in Delhi, the quality of a metropolis has to be judged by what it offers to its residents- the right to populate, travel about and work with self-respect and safety. It outlines that the public infinite offers infinite and freedom to get away the holds and emphasis of a household or community. But, many it a clip its left unnoticed that the societal life a public infinite offers are frequently profoundly gendered both in handiness and right. As this job is really less bothered about, adult females have developed their ain manner to undertake this fright. You read "Women Safety in Urban Public Spaces" in category "Essay examples" The present twenty-four hours layout of metropoliss leave people in a convulsion, most frequently, instead to take a safer path or a shorter path. This indicates the significance to discourse the spacial constellations. The infinite sentence structure which builds a relation between societal dimension and the reinforced environment takes a cardinal function in judging the grade of safety in a infinite. This plays a principle function in bar of offense and undertaking fright while accessing a infinite. Carina Listerbornlineations three constructs earlier introduced byBill HillierinSpace is the Machineto analyze fright and infinite constellations dealingss. She voices that fright rises with a. ) Urban emptiness- which is related to the construct of practical community and urbanity and is measured by the average integrating value. â€Å" Crime includes a broad field, from burglary to street- force, and dressed ores on an object or state of affairs. In contrast, fright is related to how you experience and interpret the environment. Urban emptiness is an of import facet in both the instances. † ( Carina Listerborn ) B. ) The deficiency of intelligibility- subsidiary travel paths makes one feel insecure. c. ) Lack of visibility- Smaller ocular cone increases the fright of being attacked. Bill Hillier in Space is the Machine defines the practical community as the form of natural co-presence brought approximately through the influence of spacial design on motion and other related facets of infinite usage. He besides adds that a wrongly designed infinite does non accomplish the natural forms of societal co-presence ensuing in an empty infinite which kindles fright. Urbanity, he argues is about clip and infinite A ; its grade could be measured by numbering the figure of people transposing through a distance of 100m per minute. If there is less than two people beside you within 100m it is the lower bound of urbanity and the lower degree of human creativeness are 8-10 work/100m distance of street. ( Gronlund, B. 1998 ) Fear is linked to the grade of emptiness and thereby likely to the grade of integrating which depends on the spacial construction. Research workers have shown different grade of integrating values by comparing the tree-system with grid system.( Klarqvist, B. 1997 ) An apprehensible system is one in which well-connected infinites besides tend to be well- incorporate infinites. An unintelligible system is one where good connected infinites are non good incorporate, so what we can see of their connexions misleads us about the position of that infinites in the system as a whole.( Hillier, B. 1996 ) Isovist in relation to intelligibility is important to understand the immediate environment through visibleness. It helps to cipher what is behind the corner or the shrubs in instance of fright but it is non reliable ever as its terminals are non clear. Physical and societal facets of a topographic point contribute to the experience of fright. Fear can be caused both by the presence and absence of people and people have developed assorted schemes to get by with it.( Carina Listerborn ) In the present twenty-four hours context of India, adult females are required to work out-of-doorss, travel long distances to make workplaces and now that population is dismaying, mass lodgings are shooting up. Harmonizing to thePopulation Census 2011, 53 metropoliss are identified as population over 10 Lakh, and referred to as Mega Cities. A sum of 36,622 instances of offenses against adult females were reported from these mega metropoliss in 2012 where as 33,789 instances were reported in 2011.The rate of offense was 47.8 times higher compared to the national rate of 41.7.Among 53 metropoliss, Delhi has accounted for 14.2 % followed by Bangalore ( 6.2 % ) , Kolkata ( 5.7 % ) , Hyderabad ( 5.2 % ) and Vijayawada ( 5.2 % ) .Vijayawada has reported 16.6 % incidences of abuse to the modestness of adult females. Though Indian Penal Code identifies the undermentioned as punishable offenses against adult females which are the root causes for adult females ‘s restricted mobility, the construct of fright and insecure infinites that adult females are stuck with dramas a important function. CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN: Kidnaping and abduction for specified intents Rape Homicide for dowery, dowry deceases or their efforts Torture- both mental and physical Assault on adult females with purpose to shock her modestness Abuse to the modestness of adult females Importing of miss from foreign state ( upto 21yrs of age ) EXISTING MODELS OF GENDER CONSCIOUS Planning: There are already bing theoretical accounts of gender witting planning to react to the women’s fright of force. They are: Broken Windows:This focuses on the zero- tolerance to offense, closed circuit telecastings and an exclusionary attack to making safer infinites. ( Mitchell, 2003 ) Safer Communities Model:It has a foresight to do public infinites safer through activities, land usage, societal mix and affecting users in planing schemes and enterprises for safer public infinites. SPACES WHERE WOMEN FEEL UNSAFE: The sorts of topographic points that are most feared include Parkss, green unfastened infinites, beaches, parking areas/garages, tunnels, metros, back-streets, stepss, isolated coach Michigans, industrial countries and dark empty parts of the metropolis like shopping countries or vicinities at dark.( Women ‘s Fear A ; Spatial Configuration ; Carina Listerborn ) It is found from a study by an NGO – Jagori in New Delhi, that adult females feel uncomfortable in male dominated infinites such as coffin nail stores, dhabas, cab bases, certain street corners and certain Parkss. Womans were loath to utilize these infinites and frequently accompanied by work forces to dhabas and tea corners.( Shall We Go Out: Women ‘s Safety in Public Spaces ) Parks were identified as the public infinites adult females enjoy the most during a twenty-four hours with childs or equals while see it extremely insecure after dark. The low boundaries, dark midst green infinites and absence of locking systems add to the fright in Parkss. Metros, which take a outstanding function in the context of Delhi are turning insecure due to miss of proper lighting, improperly defined entry and issue points, deficiency of signage, absence of guards which lead to the diminution in the users of these metros. The findings of the audits reflect that the presence of sellers add to the safety of a infinite and adult females feel it comfy and familiar. Street visible radiations are frequently placed in the center of the route and the coach Michigans and pavings are non decently lit with visible radiations of their ain, increasing the hazard of adult females utilizing it after dark. Public lavatories have besides been marked as danger for adult females where many instances were reported of offenses and torments. THE CASE OF VIJAYAWADA: Public and Semi public utilizations: These classs of land include all the Government offices, Municipal offices, offices of other local governments and other public establishments like temples, churches, mosques, and the similar. The metropolis provides public and semi public public-service corporations and installations all covering about 270 hour angle of land accounting for 7 % of the developed country. Large public public-service corporation constitutions are found in ward 15 ( 54 hour angle ) , ward 10 ( 49 hour angle ) , ward 24 ( 36 hour angle ) , ward 25 ( 26 hour angle ) and ward 8 ( 22 hour angle ) . In footings of proportions, ward 15 histories for one 4th of its country under public and semi public utilizations, following being ward 24 with 19 % followed by ward 10 % ( 16 % ) . Most of the country along Mahatma Gandhi route in wards 10, countries environing NTR Health University, and countries near Gunadala hill in ward 24 are put to public and semi public utilizations. RESEARCH Question: What are the grounds that public infinites are insecure for adult females to the extent that they control their mobility form? Methodology: To analyse the research objectives, an onsite site survey was conducted in Nagarjuna Nagar chief route in Vijayawada in the month of October 2014. Setting: Nagarjuna Nagar is an country in Vijayawada metropolis which is 2.4km from Benz Circle, a cardinal junction in the metropolis which is the point of convergence of NH-5 running from Chennai to Kolkata and NH-9 which leads to Machilipatnam, a circle that attracts heavy traffic and circle for Educational Institutes. The authorities infirmary junction is the nearest junction and this country and is 140m off. There is a NTR Health University and Government Hospital and Siddartha Medical College on the side antonym to the main road. Another route in the locality leads to Autonagar. Nagarjuna Nagar in peculiar grew up as a residential settlement from the clip of its initial development. Subsequently, the NH5 frontage is developing to run into the commercial demands of people and hence the activities and edifices uses in this country are effected. The survey stretch way has been observed to hold deficiency of sellers most of the clip. Design: To gain the independent factors that consequence the factor of safety of adult females, a stretch of route, from A to B has been picked up in this country and has been surveyed. This country has comparatively really low offense rates, but so the choice of this country was based on the experience of most of them who traverse this route. Two points A and B have been marked in the map, where A base near the NH5 frontage and B ends at a edifice which is presently being used as a girls inn. This stretch of route has been divided into zones to cognize the experiences in single infinites and the grounds behind that. The full stretch of route has a assorted usage of buildings- residential, commercial and park. Few packages of the land has been left as waste land with overgrown trees. The factors that people think do difference to the personal safety of adult females was measured by a questionnaire that contained the followers: In each of the zone, what do you believe are the grounds that consequence the safety factor? Poor Lighting Peoples sing other edifices Peoples populating in the neighbouring edifices Dense Tree Plantations Lack of People/Activity/Vendors Waste/Barren Land Poor Maintenance of the Space Height of Buildings curtailing position to the other roads No neighbouring buildings/Secluded edifices Participants AND Procedure: The field survey was carried out in the country in October 2014. The sample consisted of 70 members ( 12 male and 58 female ) , runing in age from 15 to 60, where most of them fall in the class of 15-30 old ages. They were briefed about the survey and its focal point. The interviewers had a map of the country of survey and the pronounced paths and the edifices adjacent to the survey way. The way is 400m long and were asked to reply the inquiries based on their experiences till day of the month. The start and terminal point was same for all the 70 participants, but positions from A study questionnaire has been prepared and 65 members have been asked to reply that based on their experience and some general inquiries have even been asked to understand the person ‘s thought procedure. The undermentioned figure depicts a map of the survey way with single zones of survey marked and each of the edifice typologies have besides been specified to assist the interviewers recollect the infinite and their experience. The 70 participants had to reply a standardised questionnaire at each of the pronounced zone to mensurate the sensed danger. This survey is focused to understand the impact of specific physical factors and personal factors. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: Gill Valentine in his publications outlines that it is fear which people develop that restrict the motion form where as Doreen Massey argues that most frequently our societal dealingss are being extended into infinites and thereby regulates the mobility of people. Bill Hillier, on the other manus, negotiations about integrating of infinites as a cardinal factor that influences the safety aspects in a infinite. He adds that infinites may be good connected but non good integrated. Consequences of a study conducted by an NGO – Jagori in few parts of Delhi reflects that hapless substructure installations, hapless or no lighting, absence of people/low denseness infinites and infinites next to dense flora are perceived by adult females as insecure. The consequences besides showcase the fact that adult females preferred streets with batch of activity than a tract which is good built and maintained but doesnt have any activity go oning about. The same consequence was obtained for a study conducted by Shilpa Ranade, Shilpa Phadke and Sameera Khan. On the impudent side, Carina Listerborn states that urban emptiness, deficiency of intelligibility and deficiency of visibleness are the straight relative to that a individual experiences in a infinite. Mentions: Anke Blobaum A ; Marcel Hunecke, July 2005 ; Perceived Danger in Urban Public Space: The Impacts of Physical Features and Personal Factors ; Environment and Behaviour, Vol 37 No. 4 Gill Valentine ; Women ‘s Fear A ; The Design of Public Space. Laura Hengehold ; 2011 ; When Safety Becomes a Duty: Gender, Loneliness and Citizenship for Urban Women ; WSQ: Women ‘s Studies Quarterly 39 Rachel H Pain ; December 1995 ; Social Geographies of Women ‘s Fear of Crime ; Gill Valentine ; Department of Geography ; Images of Danger: Women ‘s Beginnings of Information about the Spatial Distribution of Male Violence Jennifer K. Wesely and Emily Gaarder ; October 2004 ; The Gendered Nature of the Urban Outdoorss: Womans Negociating Fear of Violence ; Gender and Society, Vol 18 No 5 Stephanle Condon, Marylene Lieber A ; Florence Maillochon ; September 2007 ; Feeling Unsafe in Public Places: Understanding Women ‘s Fears ; Carina Listerborn ; 1999 ; Women ; s Fear and Space Configurations ; Space Syntax Second International Symposium ; Brasilia. How to cite Women Safety in Urban Public Spaces, Essay examples

Business Ethics Supply Chain Accountability

Question: Discuss about the Business Ethics for Supply Chain Accountability. Answer: Introduction: According to Goodpaster view, the term strategic stakeholder analysis is meant to have occurred when some of the stakeholders are mainly affected by a decision as well as the duration of influence which is taken down to account. By this, the analysis tends to have been done by either being acted on rarely through the informational purposes, Weiss (2014). In this way, Goodpaster meant that if the stakeholder's theory is to take seriously to the responsibilities in the corporation. He gets the idea that as far as the stakeholders are identified and integrated into the decision-making of the organization, Harrison (2013). These meant that the welfare of the shareholders is more considered important just for the well-being of the stakeholders in the account. The fact that non-fiduciary seems to be essential in the corporate decisions; Goodpaster tends to describe it as an ethical problem approach. These means how it makes sense by the fact that the managers have the duties to more than just their common shareholders which seem to be ethical Harrison (2013). By this which seems to require more break to put more stakeholders in need above the shareholders. This is different as the multi-fiduciary stakeholders tends to be full of jargon by which the arrangement that is most closely to approaches as the ideal of the theory of the stakeholders Weiss (2014).. These are the fact that all the stakeholders tend to be treated equally in the corporation. On the other hand, the strategic stakeholder's approach tends to have the interested parties in the business as the corporate makes the decision Goodpaster tends to be a solution to the cooperation regarding decision making. However, his views do not protect the stakeholders however they tend to provide and protect the shareholders. These are because they tend to locate the shareholders who are affected by the corporation before getting their stakeholders solution in the corporate. His view tends to create a good working environment in the business. 2a) the major Australian supermarket tends to violate the fundamental of their moral duties which is their obligation. There is a major breakdown as the stakeholders tend to be in a dilemma of their investment. These means that they are losing more than earning. The supermarket stakeholders say that they are squeezed in the term of profit margin as they are earning less than what they tend to invest, Webster (2015). These means that they are making the prices to go high for them to make more profit margins as usual. The price tag of the products determines the profit margin the investors get. In this case whereby the supermarkets are the key route to the market which is full of suppliers and the consumers. They tend to have a moral obligation by the thing or products they tend to offer to their consumers. The supermarket tends to offer employment as well as laundering products to the consumers. They tend to show the good willingness of the suppliers. The supermarket offers the vendors a warehouse and availability of their products to the consumers. The fact that the supermarket offers a wide range of different type of products from the different providers, they also tend to give away an offer given to them. The product sold by the supermarket is for the consumers benefit; this is because they do not have an impacted role as they have a moral duty to cope with their customers as well as their suppliers, Tonkin (2016). Therefore the supermarket tends to cooperate with the suppliers to achieve their main target. The request that is made by the Woolworths on the binding of the gap which is between the payment tender from the suppliers, which is consistent with the narrow view of the company business ethic. The issue tends to be focused by the stakeholders who tend to make the coppered decision regarding the system itself, Janssen (2014). Because Woolworth's is a company that tends to focus mostly on the objectives it also tends to focus on the bigger part of the payment terms. These are as far as they mind to target the company in general. The stakeholder's request of the Woolworth's request tends to be more focused on the suppliers and the price in the product. These are meant by the request that is made by the Woolworth's company to mind on the gap which is created between the suppliers in general, Ferro (2017). These are because the stakeholders take part in the business decision in case they are involved. They tend to make the final copy of the company thereby trying to solve the supplier's content with the stakeholders in the business, Ferro (2017). They know that the business target is to increase the profit margin thereby they tend to improve the correlation between them. Hence Woolworth's getting the bigger part picture of everything. References Ferro, C., Ferro, C., Padin, C., Padin, C., Svensson, G., Svensson, G., Sosa Varela, J.C., Sosa Varela, J.C., Wagner, B., Wagner, B. and Hgevold, N.M., 2017. Validating a framework of stakeholders in connection to business sustainability efforts in supply chains.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,32(1), pp.124-137. Harrison, J.S. and Wicks, A.C., 2013. Stakeholder theory, value, and firm performance.Business ethics quarterly,23(01), pp.97-124. Janssens, M. and Kaptein, M., 2014. The ethical responsibility of companies toward animals: A study of the expressed commitment of the Fortune Global 200. Tonkin, E., Webb, T., Coveney, J., Meyer, S.B. and Wilson, A.M., 2016. Consumer trust in the Australian food systemThe everyday erosive impact of food labelling.Appetite,103, pp.118-127. Webster, J., 2015. Supply chain accountability: How far does responsibility extend? Recent enforcement outcomes in the trolley collecting industry.LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal,2(2), p.88. Weiss, J.W., 2014.Business ethics: A stakeholder and issues management approach. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Tok on the Limits of Knowledge free essay sample

â€Å"the vocabulary we have does more than communicate our knowledge; it shapes what we can know’. Evaluate this claim with reference to different areas of knowledge. † At first glance this title seems to be ridiculous. Our vocabulary can have complete control over what we can know’. It seems unlikely that there is knowledge that cannot be obtained due to the limits of our vocabulary. However when you look at this in depth it seems to be true. What is vocabulary? Vocabulary are the words we use. Vocabulary has a connection to the word itself and what’s behind it. Say the word cow. The word â€Å"cow† is merely just a noise. But we automatically connect this word to the animal. Every word has this â€Å"magical touch† to it. Thinking about vocabulary this way we can begin to see that knowledge is shaped by vocabulary because the words we have have individual meanings behind them. We will write a custom essay sample on Tok on the Limits of Knowledge or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Without any vocabulary to represent unfound knowledge is there no way for it to be discovered? Different areas of knowledge argue against this idea. Human sciences allow us to perceive and have different observations of vocabulary. If vocabulary can hold different meanings and perceptions to different people and cultures this could potentially allow knowledge to break past the barrier of language. Language also holds its own set of rules. These rules (Context, comprehension, grammar ) can alter the meanings of words to once again allow for different meanings. Language seems to be solid and rule bound. But this is not the case, Language is creative and open-ended. One problem it is faced with is that what one person means when they say something may not be what another person understands when they hear it. This allows for millions of different interpretations. interpretation is very important to the understanding of knowledge. Knowledge runs hand in hand with language, If we fail to interpret On the basis, a general understood meaning allows us to maintain knowledge whereas these new meaning can help us discover knowledge. Language surrounds us wherever we go yet we fail to realize it, yet again it plays one of the biggest roles in human life. We use language in almost everything we do. Language is so important because it allows us to break out of our own self knowledge and enter into the minds and understandings of thers through communication. Communication is the foundation of knowledge. But communication has its flaws that allow knowledge to become hazy and hard to acquire. One example is what one person says might not be what another person understands. This is a huge barrier in communication, which correlates to a huge barrier in knowledge. Think of trying to learn something and h aving no background or understanding of the vocabulary used. You are not able to understand this knowledge because you don’t understand meaning. Meaning is the basis to understanding vocabulary. So to not understand meaning of vocabulary, we cannot learn knowledge. This is one way vocabulary begins to limit what we can know. You might think an easy solution to this problem would be to just consult a dictionary or ask for a further explanation of the unfamiliar vocabulary. Although this seems promising and easy, we do not always get the result we look for. Communication has its way of being interpreted. Different people and different cultures have their own understandings of words. Words have fuzzy undefined edges to them. Try explaining the word love. Without much thought you can understand that what it means to you could be completely different to someone else. Looking at vocabulary this way you can see that it creates a viscous cycle that cannot be conquered. Another problem similar to this one is that vocabulary has words that have something to show for them and some that don’t (denotation theory). An example I used earlier is cow, You can look at a cow. Words like these help communication which makes knowledge seem to have fewer limits, But its words like wisdom, pride, or freedom that bring up issues in understanding knowledge. Look at the word pride. You can look at examples of pride, but it does not represent one singular thing that is understood by everyone everywhere. Once again this creates the viscous cycle I mentioned earlier, Until we learn to have a fundamentally sound definition for these words like these will vocabulary no longer limit our knowledge. Now that we have looked at some problems of vocabulary itself we can begin to apply the problems found in communication that limit what we can know. The poet Robert frost observed that rarely do humans ever say exactly what they mean. What he means is that humans during communication will include five problematic meanings. These five are vagueness, Ambiguity, secondary meanings, metaphor, and irony. These five problematic are a huge limitation on communication, if they are not immediately picked up on during communication our knowledge is greatly impacted. First is vagueness. Consider the word tall. While taken out of context this word has infinite possibilities. Tall means completely different things while talking about how tall you are or talking about how big buildings are in major cities.

How to Conjugate the Verb Scrivere in Italian

How to Conjugate the Verb Scrivere in Italian To writeTo recordTo attribute (to) What to Know About â€Å"​Scrivere† It’s an irregular second conjugation verb, so it doesn’t follow the typical -ere verb ending pattern.It’s a transitive verb, so it takes a direct object.The infinito is â€Å"scrivere†.The participio passato is â€Å"scritto†.The gerund form is â€Å"scrivendo†.The past gerund form is â€Å"avendo scritto†. INDICATIVO/INDICATIVE Il presente io scrivo noi scriviamo tu scrivi voi scrivete lui, lei, Lei scrive essi, Loro scrivono Esempi: Scrivo un messaggio a mia sorella. - I’m writing a message to my sister.Come si scrive quella parola? - How does one write that word? Il passato prossimo io ho scritto noi abbiamo scritto tu hai scritto voi avete scritto lui, lei, Lei, ha scritto essi, Loro hanno scritto Esempi: Ha scritto i nostri nomi sulla sabbia e mi ha mandato questa foto. - He wrote our names in the sand and he sent me this photo.Siete sicuri che avete scritto tutto? - Are you sure you wrote everything? L’imperfetto io scrivevo noi scrivevamo tu scrivevi voi scrivevate lui, lei, Lei scriveva essi, Loro scrivevano Esempi: Mia nonna mi scriveva un biglietto ogni compleanno. - My grandmother wrote me a card every birthday. Il trapassato prossimo io avevo scritto noi avevamo scritto tu avevi scritto voi avevate scritto lui, lei, Lei aveva scritto essi, Loro avevano scritto Esempi: Ho provato a leggere la lettera che mi hai spedito, ma l’avevi scritta in modo illegibile. - I tried to read the letter that you sent me, but the way you wrote it is illegible. Il passato remoto io scrissi noi scrivemmo tu scrivesti voi scriveste lui, lei, Lei scrisse essi, Loro scrissero Esempi: Boccaccio scrisse tanti racconti dell’umanit durante le peste bubbonica. - Boccaccio wrote many stories about humanity during the Black Plague.Durante la guerra i soldati scrissero pià ¹ di 1000 lettere. - During the last conflict, soldiers wrote more than 1000 letters. Il trapassato remoto io ebbi scritto noi avemmo scritto tu avesti scritto voi aveste scritto lui, lei, Lei ebbe scritto essi, Loro ebbero scritto TIP: This tense is rarely used, so don’t worry too much about mastering it. You’ll find it in very sophisticated writing. Il futuro semplice io scriver noi scriveremo tu scriverai voi scriverete lui, lei, Lei scriver essi, Loro scriveranno Esempi: Stella, scriverai il prossimo articolo su Renzi. - Stella, you’ll write the next article on Renzi. Il futuro anteriore io avr scritto noi avremo scritto tu avrai scritto voi avrete scritto lui, lei, Lei avr scritto essi, Loro avranno scritto Esempi: Non appena avrà ² scritto il mio primo libro, te lo spedirà ². - As soon as I have written my first book, I will send it to you. CONGIUNTIVO/SUBJUNCTIVE Il presente che io scriva che noi scriviamo che tu scriva che voi scriviate che lui, lei, Lei scriva che essi, Loro scrivano Esempi: Penso che scriva un romanzo basato sulla vostra storia. - I think she’s writing a romance novel based on your story.Credo che lo scrivano loro due. - I think the two of them are writing it. Il passato io abbia scritto noi abbiamo scritto tu abbia scritto voi abbiate scritto lui, lei, egli abbia scritto essi, Loro abbiano scritto Esempi: Sono contentissimo che mi abbia scritto. - I’m so happy that she texted me. L’imperfetto io scrivessi noi scrivessimo tu scrivessi voi scriveste lui, lei, egli scrivesse essi, Loro scrivessero Esempi: Volevo mi scrivesse, ma non ho ricevuto risposta per una settimana intera. - I wanted him to message me, but I haven’t heard back for an entire week. Il trapassato prossimo io avessi scritto noi avessimo scritto tu avessi scritto voi aveste scritto lui, lei, Lei avesse scritto essi, Loro avessero scritto Esempi: Non ho mai detto che lei avesse scritto quel messaggio, infatti era Giorgia ad averlo scritto. - I never said that she had written that message, in fact it was Giorgia that wrote it. CONDIZIONALE/CONDITIONAL Il presente io scriverei noi scriveremmo tu scriveresti voi scrivereste lui, lei, Lei scriverebbe essi, Loro scriverebbero Scriveresti una lettera a tuo babbo? Mi ha detto che gli manchi. - Would you write a letter to your father? He said that he misses you.Scriverei un poema intero se servisse a conquistarla! - I would write a whole poem if it helped in getting her to like me. Esempi: Il passato io avrei scritto noi avremmo scritto tu avresti scritto voi avreste scritto lui, lei, egli avrebbe scritto essi, Loro avrebbero scritto Pensavo che avrebbe scritto un giallo, ma invece vuole scrivere un romanzo. - I thought he would write a mystery novel, but instead he wants to write a romance.

TRICARE. The Health Insurance Company Research Paper

TRICARE. The Health Insurance Company - Research Paper Example At this time TRICARE developed the program entitled Emergency Maternal and Infant Care (EMIC). This program provided maternity and infant care to dependents of service members in the lowest four pay grades. There was another change when the Korean Conflict arose and problems began. This was known as Civilian Health and Medical Program of Uniformed Services in 1966 CHAMPUS was formed. In the 1980’s this company wanted to improve access to health care programs and TRICARE was formed in 1998. TRICARE offers three options. â€Å"TRICARE Prime- This program provides the most comprehensive benefits at low cost. It allows a primary care manager to be assigned to each enrollee and military base hospital for the primary source to healthcare.†1 â€Å" This program also has TRICARE Remote and it is for active-duty service members not served by the traditional military healthcare system. Another program this includes is TRICARE Senior and this is for retirees who are 65 years of age and older and their dependents and survivors. â€Å"2 ... ovided to participants.’ TRICARE Standard This program incorporates the services previously stated in the other programs and the beneficiaries can choose any physician or healthcare provider. It pays a set percentage of the providers’ fees and the enrollee pays the rest. It allows the most flexibility, but may be the most expensive for the enrollee particularly when the providers’ charges are higher than the amounts allowed by the program. Survival of Program The program will survive into the next decade for there will always be a need for the military and their families will need medical insurance to receive necessary care for them. Some services may change, but that would depend on the circumstances that occur with the enrollee or the family. Possible changes that could occur would be who can receive benefits and how much they will need for coverage. This program will also depend on how the government uses the military and if they will still let service members ’ families be entitled to services and if they will be entitled to services which of them will they be allowed. Quality of Improvement This process will mean that the programs will have to meet governmental standards and have the participants fill in questionnaires telling how the services are working for them. Questionnaires include questions about the program itself and the physicians and other care providers who provide the care and if they are fulfilling their obligations. This program has changed through the decades and changed or developed new programs to fit society needs. This program does this by holding to the basic vision of the original program. It also measures success, delegates, listens to staff and asks them what will make the programs better, and they must be willing to make changes. In

Critique of case 41 and 42 Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Critique of 41 and 42 - Case Study Example Pelagius asserted that the glory of the rational mind is based on the ability of man to choose freely whatever is virtuous to him. While referring to the virgin, Pelagius argues that man, like the virgin, must recognize his own strengths. This realization would enable him employ to the full. Man should teach the mind that it is possible to do anything that one certainly wants to do. Pelagius tries to justify the fact that the virgin made a wise decision. Pelagius claims the existence of a certain form of natural sanctity in the minds of men that play key roles regarding Christianity and holiness. He states that this natural sanctity, like the mind’s citadel is able to administer judgments to the sinner and righteous. The mind also condemns wrong actions committed by the person. It also has the ability to distinguish the one side from the other basing on the inner law. In other words, the Pelagius was supporting the fact that human being has inherent law that originates in the mind. Unlike the common laws, these inner laws are most reliable and incorruptible of witness. These kinds of laws are distinct from the common laws in that they are implanted in the hearts of men and women. However, the author acknowledges the fact that although man has the freedom to choose what is true or evil, others find it difficult to do good. He states that people have long habits of doing wrong (Augustine 216). This habit is ingrained in the people’s minds and heart and has infected humankind from childhood. These habits are what hold man in bondage and slavery. Pelagius termed this kind of bondage as acquired because it is not inherent. This means that it is possible for man to avoid sinning only if he accepts and repent. However, in text 42 of the article, we are presented with another version of the human nature and grace. This is where Augustine of Hippo explained his theological point of view of grace. Augustine was responding

Rites of Passage Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rites of Passage - Research Paper Example This gives him the energy and spirit to enter the next stage with valor and delight. The theme behind is that such rites help us stay connected to our natural events of life or life cycle. A person is able to go through a happy flashback of his life when he thinks in old age how cheerfully he entered each stage and coped with the hardships that come with every phase. This paper intends to compare and contrast the rites of passage in modern American and Indian cultures. Modern American society celebrates many rites of passage, like baby showers, bar mitzvahs, quinceaneras, and school graduations. There are very few definite events that mark a person’s shift from adolescence into adulthood. We see an absence of clearly defined rites of passage in the contemporary culture, which have prevailed in olden times in America. Indian culture also does not have very clearly defined rites of passage except some important ones like birth, marriage and funeral. However, there are some simil arities that both cultures share, for example grief is symbolized with color. American society relates black with grief and Indians link white with sadness. For example, on funerals, Americans wear black and Indians wear white. There are more differences in the carrying out of the rites of passage than similarities, in the two cultures. ... The expectant mother is dressed in a heavy dress with a lot of garlands. Elderly ladies shower blessings on her, and women share tips and tricks of mothering a child. The home deity is worshipped. The mother is given the gifts which are meant for her and not the baby. American culture celebrates adolescence ceremonies both for boys and girls, to honor their stepping into puberty. The most prominent adolescent rite of passage celebrated in America is the quincearena. Quinceanera celebrates a girl’s fifteenth birthday thus commemorating her past fifteen years into a get-together where people related to her make merry and congratulate her for her coming adulthood (Alvarez). Her journey from childhood to adulthood is recollected and she transforms from a naughty little kid into a delicate, pretty lady. The invited families are encouraged to select the customs that have special meaning to them and to add to the customs as they wish. That is what makes the celebration unique and ver y special. In contrast, in Indian culture, there is no such ceremony that celebrates the passing of fifteen years or steeping of a girl or boy into the sixteenth year of life. American practices have more or less become dependent on the economical and psychological aspects of life. For example, funeral practices in America depict true picture of capitalism and materialism. Corpse is displayed in the public for last viewing. This is a general acceptance of the fact that death is expected of all human beings and none of us resist to it. Corpses, nowadays, are prepared with makeup and expensive clothes before burial. Memorial services and cremations are also in practice. Hence, American funeral is an organized and

Assignment On Aircraft Power Systems

Assignment On Aircraft Power Systems In this assignment, I intend to provide a brief presentation about the principle of operation of the aircraft electrical power systems, specifically, Integrated Drive Generators (IDG) in a modern aircraft. I will compare and contrast the fluid and electrical methods of power generation and give a brief on the safety precautions to be followed when handling aircraft electrical power supplies and during a functional test. There are various kinds of power generation on an aircraft, namely electrical (generators batteries), fluid (hydraulics pneumatics). Depending upon the application, the power sources may vary. AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM The main function of any aircraft electrical system is to generate, regulate and distribute the electrical power in the aircraft. Modern aircrafts use more electrical power as they are equipped with more Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS). This is done so as to reduce pollution in the environment, for a clean and safe flight. Electrical power is used to operate: Aircraft Flight Instrument- Electronic Centralized Aircraft Monitoring (ECAM) Essential Systems- Primary Flight Display (PFD), Navigation Display (ND) Passenger Services- In-Flight Entertainment (IFE) Most of the aircraft systems use a power standard of 115 [emailprotected] 400Hz; 28VDC. There are various electrical power sources on the aircraft: Engine Driven AC Generators (EDG) Auxiliary Power Units (APU) Ram Air Turbine (RAT) Battery Supply External/Ground Supply (Spoor, 2012) Components in an electrical system include: AC Generator/Alternator produces AC power. Constant Speed Drive Unit (CSDU) regulates the rotating speed (input) to deliver a constant output from the engine to the generator. Integrated Drive Generator (IDG), Generator and CSDU connected either coaxially or side-by-side. Mostly coaxial connection. Transformer Rectifier Unit (TRU) converts the AC power to DC power Generator Control Unit (GCU) monitors and controls the generator output. Each engine powers up one or more generators. Airbus A380 has four engines and four generators. Whereas, Boeing 777 has two engines and two generators. The power produced by these generators is used to power up the entire aircraft. (Boeing, 2012) All the other power sources, except external supply, are used in case of emergencies only. External power supply is used on ground when the engines and the APU are not running. It is supplied via Ground Power Unit (GPU). GPU can be portable or stationary and they provide AC power through the external plug on the nose of the aircraft. They can be used to power up an entire aircraft or a specific area in the aircraft. (Spoor, 2012) Figure : Aircraft Electrical System (Classic Jet Sims, 2012) AIRCRAFT HYDRAULIC SYSTEM The principle of a hydraulic system is to convert fluid power into mechanical power and then use it for various applications on the aircraft, such as extension/retraction of landing gears, flaps, and speed and wheel brakes. The power source here is the hydraulic fluid. The pressure for generating the hydraulic power is supplied by the Engine Driven Pump (EDP) and the Electric Motor Driven Pump (EMDP). They are both mounted on the engines. Commonly used hydraulic fluids on the aircraft are: MIL-H-5606 (Mineral Based Fluid) MIL-H-83282 (Synthetic Hydrocarbon Based Fluid) MIL-H-87257 (Same as MIL-H-83282, but it has been improved in its low temperature viscosity) MIL-H-8446 (Phosphate-Ester Based Fluid) (Wikipedia, 2012) Special care must be taken when handling the hydraulic fluid. Some of the hydraulic fluids are skin/eye irritant. Also it is extremely important for the fluid to be free from any contamination for flight safety. Advantages of the hydraulic system as a power source includes: Lightweight Easy installation Simplified Inspection Minimum Maintenance Approximately 100% system efficiency, with only negligible loss due to friction. (EAC, 2012) Figure : Basic Hydraulic System (Free Online Private Pilot Ground School, 2006) COMPARISON OF AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL AND HYDRAULIC SYSTEM FEATURE ELECTRONIC HYDRAULIC Construction Power is generated by the engine, by rotation of turbine shaft. Power is generated by incompressible hydraulic fluid. Pressure for hydraulic actuation is supplied by EMDP and EDP. Similar to that of an electric circuit. Components include: Generators/Alternators, Batteries, Switches, Bus bars, Fuses, Circuit Breakers, Voltage Regulators, Ammeters, and Wires. (Free Online Private Pilot Ground School, 2006) Components include: Reservoir, Pump, Hydraulic Fluid, Accumulators, Actuators, Filters, Hydraulic Fuses, Tubing, Pipes, Valves, and Seals. Uses Lights, Radio Equipment, Indicators, Warning Systems, Heaters, Starting motor. (FlightLearnings, 2012) Extension/retraction of landing gears, flaps, and speed and wheel brakes. Principle of Operation Generate, Regulate and Distribute electrical power generated. Work is done by moving an incompressible fluid, Pascals Law. (EAC, 2012) EMERGENCY DEPLOYMENTS IN EVENT OF GENERATOR(S) FAILURE In case of main engine driven generator (EDP) failure, there are various methods to ensure continued power supply for safe landing: Auxiliary Power Unit (APU) Ram Air Turbine (RAT) Battery When the main engine generators fail, APU or RAT is deployed. When the secondary methods fail, batteries are used as the last resort for a safe landing and evacuation. AUXILIARY POWER UNIT (APU) Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) is a small gas turbine engine which provides electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic power (depending on the design) for ground or in-flight operations. It is also used as a backup source in emergency situations. It is commonly found on large aircrafts. It is usually located in the tail end of the aircraft. When started, it normally runs on 100% speed. It produces 115VAC @ 400Hz. Some can also generate 28VDC. The main purpose of the APU is to start the engines in the aircraft. This is because the engine requires high rotational speed for its self-sustaining operation. In this case, APU is started by battery or hydraulic accumulator and then used to generate the necessary rotational speed. It is also used to run the equipment when the engines are shutdown. This is used for air conditioning for the passengers prior to engine start. However, it can also be connected to a hydraulic pump to power up hydraulic equipment (flaps and flight controls). (Wikipedia 2012) RAM AIR TURBINE (RAT) Ram Air Turbine is a small airflow driven turbine that is connected to either a hydraulic pump or an emergency alternator or a main generator. In normal flight, it is stowed away in closed compartment in wing or fuselage. It is deployed only when there is total power loss due to engine failures. It provides enough power to run the critical systems, such as, flight controls. The power generated by the RAT depends on the airspeed. More the speed, more the power generated will be. Some aircrafts use RAT in normal operation. For example, in crop dusting RAT is used to power up the chemical sprayer. (Wikipedia, 2012) BATTERY Aircraft batteries are used to start the engines or the APU. But they are also used in emergency situations as a last resort for safe landing. There have been cases where it has been used to restart the engines even after engine flame-out. They also act as a buffer for the DC connections. It regulates the voltage to ensure the power quality for the equipment connected to it. Two types of batteries are used in aircrafts today, Lead-acid and Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd). Lead-acid batteries are either valve regulated or vented. They are used in light and general aircrafts. Ni-Cd batteries are used in larger aircrafts. Lead-acid batteries are generally heavier and have less capacity than the Ni-Cd ones. (Dr. Thomas, 2010) Figure : Lead-Acid Battery (Chief Aircraft, 2012) Figure 4: Nickel-Cadmium Battery (Surplustraders.net, 2012) AIRCRAFT ELECTRICAL SYSTEM USING FREQUENCY WILD AC GENERATOR From 1950s to early 1960s some turboprop aircrafts used frequency wild, now Variable Frequency (VF) system. Airbus A380 and Boeing 787 Dreamliner are some of the modern civil aviation aircrafts that have adopted the VF system again. Figure : Simplified Frequency Wild System (Scribd, 2012) CONSTRUCTION As shown in Fig.4, the Variable Frequency Generator (VFG) is directly connected to the engine gear box. (Langlois, 2004) states: VFG is a conventional wound rotor synchronous alternator. There is no CSD or IDG in this system. This is done so as to improve the reliability of the system and also to reduce the weight of the aircraft. Airbus A380 uses aluminium cables instead of copper for weight reduction. The system is also fully computerized. Contactors and Breakers have been replaced by solid-state devices for increased reliability and performance (Global Aircraft, 2012). OPERATION Frequency Wild AC power can only be supplied to the resistive circuits such as the electrical heater, engine de-icing heaters, windshield heating, etc. as shown in Fig. 4. The AC power generated is sent to the TRU where the voltage is stepped down from 360Hz-760Hz (Langlois, 2004) to 28V and then rectified to DC voltage. Then it is used by the DC components. CONTROL PROTECTION A traditional Constant Frequency unit has only a constant frequency of 400Hz voltage supply. A constant speed drive unit drives the generator. It is also expensive and not easy to maintain. A VFG is flexible as it can handle a range of frequencies rather than a constant one. In this unit, there is no CSD or IDG. It is more advantageous over Constant Frequency Unit because: It has low maintenance Long lifespan Cheaper Process temperature is controlled within VFG itself. Equipment protection from excess torque damage The variable frequency generator (VFG) is used on applications with a high percentage of resistive AC or DC loads and provides power to many of the next generation aircraft. Hamilton Sundstrands variable frequency starter generator (VFSG) and motor controller system provides main engine start and control. The voltage is controlled around the generator. This is done by controlling field strength of the AC generator by feedback signal from the voltage regulator, which keeps the voltage constant irrespective of the speed and load variations. VFGs are preferred over DC systems because they were much less affected by poor brush performance at higher altitudes and they had better power to weight ratio. AC/DC ELECTRIC MOTORS AND ACTUATORS PERFORMANCE DC actuators are typically high-speed reversible series-wound motors. Their output is converted to driving torque using step-down gearbox. These motor actuators are self-contained units, as they combine both electrical and mechanical devices. They can exert linear thrust over a short distance. AC MOTOR DC MOTOR

Florida State and the Future of Gay Adoption Essay -- Journalism Journ

Florida state law currently bans lesbians and gay men from adopting children. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is attempting to get a case before the Supreme Court that could overturn the law. The ban on gay adoption has been in place since 1977, when the state legislature almost unanimously condoned restriction of the rights of its gay citizens. Legislation on the issue was sparked by Anita Bryant's "Save Our Children" campaign, which raged through Florida and even beyond spreading myths about homosexuality and linking homosexuality to pedophilia. At the time of its inception, Senator Curtis Peterson, one of its primary supporters, spoke to the law's true purpose: "The problem in Florida has been that homosexuals are surfacing to such an extent that they're beginning to aggravate the ordinary folks. We're trying to send them a message, telling them:  ¡Ã‚ ®We're really tired of you. We wish you'd go back into the closet" (1). The state's attitude, while becoming more equally divided on the issue, has not changed significantly enough to overturn the law. An appeal was made to a three-person appeals panel, which upheld the law. A request for reconsideration of the decision made to the federal Court of Appeals for the 11th Circuit, which encompasses the geographic area of Florida, Georgia and Mississippi, was denied. This denial has allowed the ACLU to bring the case before the Supreme Court for consideration. Perhaps most indicative of the law's blatantly homophobic basis is the fact that the state has no restrictions on using gays and lesbians to relieve the burden on the foster care system. The state frequently uses gay couples to provide homes for disabled and terminally ill children, but refuses to recognize that thi... ...ion, it will shape the framework in which we discuss the issue of gay adoption. This is true. We must recognize the fearful power of one to appoint these decision makers without a sufficiently balanced congress- it is the ability to embody political rhetoric within a judicial structure. Rhetoric itself may and does sway public opinion, but its embodiment is the ability to set precedents which may be applied in broad-sweeping generalities, rather than the specifics of a single law. Internet Sources: 1)ACLU, Background information on the specific case in Florida. 2)Let Him Stay, Specifically devoted to the Croteau-Lofton case giving detailed information on the family, laws and legislation affecting the case. 3)Human Rights Campaign, State-by-state information on both current and pending legislation on a wide range of issues affecting the LGBT community.

Palamon Love Essay

Palamon wants Arcite to let his eyes of Emily and not interfere, but Arcite says â€Å"l loved her first as women and on my head I swear, love is a greater law than any other that may be given to any earthly man. † (pg. 89) love replaces all other commitments. They both show each other how much they love Emily. Later on, they both somehow manage to get out of prison. First, Arcite got out and after seven years Palamon. They both suddenly meet at grove in ngry looks and want to fight for Emily, while Theseus appearing there too with his wife and Emily. At first Theseus wanted to kill them, but seeing the situation of theirs he changes his mind and sets up arena for them to fght. They both are ready to do anything to grant Emily as wife. Then, Theseus builds 3 temples. Venus (the goddess of love), Mars (the god of war), and Diana (the goddess of chastity). Palamon went to Venus to ask to get Emily, Arcite went to Mars to ask to win the war, and Emily went to Diana to ask to say virgin or else marry a guy love her the most. After that, the battle begun and Arcite won the war with the help of the god that he visited, and Palamon lost, but in the end Palamon won and got Emily. Palamon won because of Pluto who sent earthquake at Saturn’s request for Venus. Arcite dies because of earthquake and fell from his horse and hits his head to ground. He died as noble knight to get Emily, and didn’t care about his brotherhood relationship with Palamon while fghing against him for Emily. The knight is noble, conqueror, gentle and has pity, which he is similar to Theseus the character in the story that he is telling. The gentle duke jumped down from his horse with pitying heart as he heard them speak†. (pg. 77) Theseus takes pity on those women that he meets on his way and gives what the women asked for. Which it looks like that the Knight is describing himself as Theseus. He likes fghting from the beginning so he made arrangement for Arcite and Palamon to fght over Emily. The story starts with battle of Amazons and after he marries the queen of Amazon as price of winning a battle besides the story also ends with Palamon marrying Emily in which he also get her by winning the battle.

Ch. 15 LO Essay Example

Ch. 15 LO Essay Example Ch. 15 LO Essay Ch. 15 LO Essay Learning Objective Chapter 1 5 LOI Decisions about technology and innovation are strategic, and managers need to approach them systematically. Assessing the technology needs of a company usually begins with benchmarking. Benchmarking compares the organizations practices and technologies with those of other companies. Then the company will look at the environment through scannings. These scannings focus on what can be done and what is currently being developed. Both of these practices still might not be enough to stay ahead of the innovation curve and use disruptive innovation which efers to a process by which a product, service or business model takes root initially in simple applications at the bottom of a market and them moves up market. Managers should make an effort to be aware of disruptive innovation that could potentially displace established competitors in their industry. L02 After managers have thoroughly analyzed their organizations current technological position, they can plan how to develop or exploit emerging technologies. Managers must consider several criteria when planning how to develop or exploit emerging technologies. To begin a manager must consider the market potential. Many innovations are stimulated by external demand for new goods and services. Next they should consider whether technological innovations are even feasible. After that they must carefully consider whether there is a good financial incentive for doing so. Then they must link technology and innovation strategies to their organizations core capabilities. Finally, a manger must decide whether to adopt technological innovations while also taking into account the culture of the organization, the interests of managers, and the expectations of stakeholders. L03 Developing new technology may conjure up visions of scientists and product evelopers working in research and development laboratories. In many industries, the primary sources of new technology are the organizations that actually use it. However, new sources can come from suppliers, manufacturers, users, other industries, universities, and overseas companies. Essentially, the question of how to acquire new technology is a make-or-buy decision which is the question an organization asks itself about whether to acquire new technology from an outside source of develop it itself. These questions include if it is important in terms of competitive advantage that the technology remain proprietary, are the time, skills, nd resources for internal development available, and is the technology readily available outside the company? The answers to these questions guide the manager to the most appropriate technology acquisition option. L04 Successful innovation is a lot more than a great idea. A study found that the lack of good ideas is hardly ever the obstacle to profitable innovation. Organizing for innovation involves unleashing the creative energies of employees while directing their efforts toward meeting market needs in a timely manner. Companies can unleash creativity y establishing a culture that values intrapreneursnip, accept and ven celebrate failures as a sign of innovation, and reinforce innovation through goal setting, rewards, and stories of creative employees. A powerful tool for managing technology and innovations is the development project. A development project is a focused organizational effort to create a new project or process via technological advances. These development projects typically feature a special cross-functional team that works together on an overall concept or idea. L05 Managers today want, or should want, their organizations to become world- class. Being world-class requires applying the best and latest knowledge and ideas nd having the ability to operate at the highest standards of any place anywhere. In order to get to world-class a company must build their organization for sustainable, long-term greatness. Great companies have strong core values in which they believe deeply, and they express and live the values consistently. They are driven by goals and have the ability to change continuously by driving for progress. A company must also replace the tyranny of the or with the genius of the and. The genius of the and is that multiple important goals can be achieved simultaneously and synergistically. World-class companies create high-value products and earn superior profits over the long run and that is what every company should be striving for. L06 Change happens, constantly and unpredictably. And competitive advantage you may have depends on particular circumstances at a particular time, but circumstances change. Effective change management occurs when the organization moves from its current state to a desired future state without excessive cost to the organization or its people. People dont like change for reasons such as inertia, poor timing, surprise, peer pressure, and management tactics. Motivating people to hange often requires three basic stages that include unfreezing, moving, and refreezing. Managers can also use education and communication, participation and involvement, facilitation and support, negotiation and rewards, manipulation and cooptation, and explicit and implicit coercion. Each approach to managing resistance has advantages and disadvantages. Finally, managers must lead the change in order to establish a sense of urgency to their peers in order to maximize efficiency. L07 Most change is reactive. A better way to change is to be proactive. Reactive change means responding to pressure after a problem has arisen. Preparing for an uncertain future requires a proactive approach. Proactive change means anticipating and preparing for an uncertain future. It implies being a leader and creating the future you want. People can proactively forge the future by being a shaper more than an adapter. An adapter takes the current industry structure and its future evolution as givens and choose where to compete. People can also actively manage their careers and their personal development, and become an active leader and a lifelong learner. Being willing to seek new challenges, and reflect honestly on success and failures is key to creating a successful future.

An Inspector Calls †Theatre Essay

An Inspector Calls – Theatre Essay Free Online Research Papers An Inspector Calls Theatre Essay Introduction: This superbly crafted play by J.B Priestly ‘An Inspector Calls’ was written in 1945 and set in 1912. The play was written at the time of the Second World War. The specific setting is as the Titanic is to set sail for America. The world was also thinking about going to war with Germany for the first time. Life for the poor in 1912 was very insecure. There was a lack of a Welfare State, which didn’t help the poor. For women it was almost the same they were treated like they did not have a mind of their own and the dominant males controlled them. An example of this from the play is, â€Å"Oh- Gerald- you’ve got it- is it the one you wanted me to have?† (Act 1, P. 4) The play was structured well because it had dramatic and thrilling cliff-hangers one example is at the very end of the play when Mr. Birling receives a phone call form the hospital and he says, â€Å"That was the police. A girl had just died on her way to the infirmary- after swallowing some disinfectant†. The play was also set in real time like the classical Greek theatre, they believed a play should be set in real time. The several themes in the play are: treatment of women, love, jealousy, mystery/secrecy and sinning money/capitalism. To get these themes across to the world and show how 1912 was like in society then was Priestley’s purpose in writing this play. Section One- The Dinner Party: The opening scene of the play is in the dining room of the Birling’s house in Brumley, an industrial city in the North Midlands. An evening in spring 1912. Mr. Birling, Mrs. Birling, Sheila, Gerald and Eric are sitting around the dinning table discussing about Gerald and Sheila’s engagement. This suggests that the kind of lifestyle they have is very grand and that they are a close family. When the inspector arrives it is made dramatic by Mr. Birling asking questions about him and what he’s doing here, â€Å"An Inspector? What kind of inspector?† (Act 1, P.7) When the inspector enters the room his presents creates an impression of largeness and toughness. He also speaks carefully, and looks hard at the person he addresses which gives an uneasy feeling. The inspector shows a photograph of a young lady to everyone but Eric and Gerald. This builds the tension up a great deal because we now know that the photograph has something to do with them, but we don’t know quite what. Section Two Arthur Birling At the dinner party, Arthur Birling talks about how the Titanic is unsinkable and that Britain won’t go to war with Germany. He also talks about his knighthood, â€Å"I gather there’s a very good chance of a knighthood†. (Act 1, P.6) This reveals he is a proud and negative character of the play. Mr. Birling sackedEva Smith because she was one of the ringleaders of a strike over their pay. He shows no guilt on sacking Eva, the audience will respond by thinking he is insensitive and only cares about making money for himself. Arthur thinks his position is a high, powerful one because he is very bossy and thinks he can take charge of everybody else. Section Three- Shelia Birling Shelia feels a lot of remorse for Eva Smith being sacked she says, â€Å"I think it was a mean thing to do. Perhaps that spoiled everything for her.† (Act 1, P.14) Meaning that if Mr. Birling hadn’t of sacked her then she would have not committed suicide. The audience should respond better to Sheila because she is more considerate and will think she is the nice character of the play. At the end of Act One Sheila and Gerald arguing builds up the tension by Gerald begging Shelia not to tell the inspector what he did and Shelia tells him and laughs, â€Å"You fool- he knows†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . (Act 1, P.19) Meaning the inspector already knows what he did and keeps the audience in suspense making the audience wonder if he knows. More tension is added when she leaves the room and the door slowly opens and the inspector appears. Section Four- Gerald Croft When Gerald dumped Daisy by saying he is engaged to another woman and leaving her, the audience feels that it helped. The audience might think he treated Daisy badly because he went behind her back by saying he wasn’t seeing any other women. Section Five- Sybil Birling She is very concerned and apprehensive to people in poverty because she strongly thinks it is very wrong. The tension is built up at the end of Act Two by the inspector when he says he is waiting â€Å"to do my duty† (Act 2, P.35) and they are thinking what he is going to do. Eric enters and Mrs. Birling says, â€Å"Look inspector, you’re not trying to tell us that- that my boy- is mixed up in this-?† This makes us think that Eric might have something to do with this. Conclusion Yes I think that priestly is making a point and all the characters in the play are to blame. At the end of the play there is a phone call of a suicide. I think Priestly put it in to add a final suspension to the play. And it makes a very good cliff-hanger. Also to make us ask ourselves questions, and wonder what might happen next, so he’s leaving it to out imaginations. Questions like â€Å"Who was Inspector Goole? How did he know about the suicide?† Learn more about An Inspector Calls Research Papers on An Inspector Calls - Theatre EssayHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionThe Fifth HorsemanTrailblazing by Eric AndersonInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsWhere Wild and West Meet

Managing Communications, Knowledge and Information Essay

Managing Communications, Knowledge and Information - Essay Example Knowledge management and information flows within organizations form a critical link to its productivity and performance. However, effective knowledge management practices remain a distinctive challenge for organizations in the form of identifying the key information needs of the organization and developing effective systems for channelising the information flow across departments and business units. How does an organization define the need for knowledge and skills among its employees and what are the measures that it takes to equip the workforce with the desired skills? How can strategic planning in identifying information needs within each department or operational processes in the business and how can this help in meeting the organizational goals and objectives? These are some of the pertinent questions facing organizations and this paper focuses on providing an insight into strategies that can be adopted by an organization to meet its information needs and overall business object ives. The paper analyses the information needs and knowledge management strategies taken by Apple to meet one of its business objectives. On 22 August 2008, Apple launched the I-phone in India. The response they received from consumers was not as expected as hardly any consumers showed up. This was a bit disappointing as compared to the launches in other countries where there were thousands of consumers standing outside the stores to get their I-phones. It was identified that the lack of marketing led to not having enough consumers at the launch date. (Iphone in India, 2011) The graph below shows the Mac market share of Apple: Market share of Apple by geographic divisions (Source: OSXDaily, 2011) By looking at the above graph, we can see that the market share in Asia is 1.61%, out of which about half is China and the rest is India. Considering the population size, it may not seem as low but as compared to other continents, it is considerably low. With

Research paper about the Earthquakes Information, time scale, plate

About the Earthquakes Information, time scale, plate tectonic, slope stability, all kinds of it, statistics, num - Research Paper Example The paper uses a practical approach to examine earthquakes by evaluating five specific cases cases. These cases include major events in: 1. The 1755 Lisbon Earthquake 2. The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake 3. The 1964 Alaska Earthquake 4. The 1960 Chilean Earthquake and 5. The 2004 Sumatra Earthquake The paper renders a very extensive research into these earthquakes and the effects they had on the lives and properties of the societies at the given points they occurred. It examines the elements of physical geography in the areas and the exact impact of the quakes on these areas. In arriving at this end, the following objectives are met: 1. An examination of the social factors that existed in these three regions prior to the earthquakes 2. The geographical analysis of the components of the earthquakes. 3. An evaluation of the effects of the earthquakes on human lives and property. II Scientific Background of Earthquakes â€Å"An earthquake is a series of vibrations or seismic (shock) wa ves which originates from the focus – the point at which the plates release their tension or compression suddenly† (Nagle & Guiness 263). Earthquakes involve the phenomenon where the earth surface shakes at certain points in time. It involves some kind of vibration that is emitted from deep within the earth's crust. Earthquakes result from some shocks that are remitted from within the earth's surface which is felt on the land and in the sea. Earthquakes often cause the damage of building and destruction of properties. The epicenter of an earthquake is the part of the surface of the earth which is the focus of the earthquake. Usually, the epicenter is the point on the earth where the highest impact of the earthquake occurs. Aside the epicenter, the earthquake is felt in other lands around the epicenter. However, relative to the epicenter, the other areas affected by the earthquake is much lesser than that of the epicenter. Earthquakes are emitted by a series of shocks. T here are some large shocks whilst there are other smaller shocks. These shocks shake the earth surface and are known as tremors. The tremors that occur before the earthquake are known as foreshocks whilst those that occur after the major earthquake are known as aftershocks (Nagle & Guiness 265). In terms of occurrence, there dynamics of earthquakes vary with the layer within which an earthquake emanates. Primary waves are body shocks in the earth's interior. The occur deep within the earth and close to the earth's core. Secondary shocks occur nearer to the surface of the earth. They are known as surface waves. Their impacts are quite less than primary waves. The primary waves affect a wider surface area and have a higher intensity on the epicenter. Earthquakes are measured by two popular methods (Nagle & Guiness 266). One of them is the Richter Scale whilst the other is the Mercalli Scale. The Richter scale records the magnitude of earthquakes on a scale of 1 to 10. The measurement is based on logarithms and it increases exponentially on the scale of tens. Thus an earthquake judged to be 7 on the scale is ten times more than one that is 6 on the scale. That same earthquake (7) will be judged to be hundred times more than another that is 5 on the scale and so on. The Mercalli Scale however measures the earthquake in terms of its impact on the society. It is a more practical approach to measure how the earthquake was felt by the community that was affected by it. The Mercalli

Organisational Deveplopment and Human Resource Development Essay

Organisational Deveplopment and Human Resource Development - Essay Example r from outside the organization should be weighed before such a decision is made and if the organization is stable enough, then there is really no need for not picking a leader from within its ranks. In this paper, we shall analyze the advantages of getting the leader of an organization from outside the organization, and those of getting one from within the ranks of the organization. There are many reasons why the new leader of the organization can be brought from outside the organization. One of this is the fact that this will be a new face for the organization especially, during the time when the organization is going through some tough times (Bohn and Grafton, 2002). Not only will this newcomer inspire confidence among the employees of the organization probably more than the previous leadership, but this new leader will also bring about a sense of renewal within the organization. This sense of renewal will ensure that all those who work within the organization are inspired to work even harder so that its goals can be achieved. A leader from outside the organization will most likely bring new ideas with him and these ideas will be found to be useful within it. These new ideas might be used to compete better with other organizations with similar objectives and in fact, they may even make it do better than the others may. The experience, which this leader will bring with him from working in other organizations, will be invaluable especially when it comes to predicting how the competition is going to respond to a move from the organization (Avolio, Zhu, Koh and Bhatia, 2004). Not only will the organization be able to preempt any action from its competitors that may hurt it in the market, it will also be able to counter these actions with even better ones and this will ensure its continued dominance in the market. The external leader will have to work very hard to prove that he is the right person for the job and this will ensure that there is more productivity,

The Argument For Stricter Gun Control Laws Essay Example for Free

The Argument For Stricter Gun Control Laws Essay I am writing a persuasive argument in favor of stricter gun control laws. I am very passionate about this topic because the use of firearms in the wrong hands is a deadly prophecy. It can be in the form of children getting a hold of a gun and hurting themselves or others, an adult with violent propensities mishandling a weapon, or someone who wants the use of a firearm in aiding suicide. When one looks at the increased incident of injury to children, homicide, and suicide, it is clear there is a need for stricter gun control laws. This paper argues that firearms continue to play a dominant role in violence both criminal and accidental regardless of laws such as the five-day waiting period and the Brady Law. I will show how easier access to guns, rather than preventing crime, creates more of it through the use of examples and statistics Those whom are opposed to gun control laws do not like to admit there is a link between access to guns and violence. The NRA says guns dont kill people, people kill people. They will claim that the right to bear arms for se lf-defense and civil rights would be diminished. However, this view is only one sided and it fails to address the link between the ownership of guns and the violence that occurs because of it. Almost everyday we can open up a newspaper or turn on a national news broadcast on the television and discover a new case of someone being killed by the use of a gun. Perhaps it was a child whom had access to his/her parents gun they keep in the house for self defensive purposes, an adult whom was an innocent bystander during a workplace massacre or robbery, a shooting at a school by a disturbed kid, or a domestic dispute turned deadly. Unfortunately, it is rare that a day goes by that we do not hear about one of the above events. Whatever the case may be, it is apparent that too many people have access to firearms and that access must be restricted. The Brady Campaign is one that enforces gun control laws, elects pro gun control public officials, and informs the public about gun violence. It was enacted in 1994 and because of it, all 50 states must do background checks on anyone wishing to purchase a firearm. While this has helped quell some gun violence that may have occurred otherwise, there are still too many who are falling through the cracks. These background checks are targeting the wrong people and criminals are still able to obtain guns from illegal sources. Take a look at the Virginia Tech massacre last spring. This reopened the legislative debate over gun control that was never resolved from the Columbine high school shootings eight years earlier. Many wonder how Cho-Seung Hui was able to get his hands on powerful automatic weaponry that killed thirty two of his classmates. This proves that the background checks performed are insufficient and need to be more thorough. More than fifty survivors and family members of this tragedy signed a letter to Congress with one simple message- finish work on legislation that could prevent future tragedies. The notion of more complete background checks leads me to another issue that is the abolition of handguns. More handguns are used in criminal acts than any other type of firearm. The FBI reports that more than 60 percent of murders are caused by guns and handguns account for 70 percent of these. Lets look at some scenarios that stem from the lack of access to handguns: Sure, anyone with a penchant for killing could pull out a knife or a baseball bat but the victim has much better chance of survival. The likelihood of injury and not death are much greater as the victim may be able to get away. The next scenario are home burglaries. Most of these occur with the occupants are out of the house so the need for a gun inside the home is unnecessary. If there is a gun inside of the home, the perpetrator will confisca te it along with other valuables, thus placing it in the hands of criminal for future misuse. Approximately 40 percent of handguns used in crimes are stolen out of homes of law abiding citizens whom had guns for their own protection. If handgun manufacturers were stringently restricted and only allowed to sell to police, our environment would be much safer. Fewer criminals would have access to them if the sale of handguns to ordinary citizens were outlawed. They could not obtain them by way of stealing and their illegal underground network would be hampered. If this were to occur, those dangerous people would not have the opportunity to slip through the cracks and get a hold of a weapon. The end result would be fewer violent crimes and fewer injuries and/or deaths related to these crimes. Many states in the United States have right to carry laws that allow citizens to carry concealed handguns if they are qualified. Qualification includes a clean criminal history, age restrictions, and completing a firearms safety course. In 1986 only nine states had that law and as of 1998, 31 states have right-to-carry laws. Half of the citizens of the U.S. live in those states. This will engender only more violence as journalis t Philip Cook states if you introduce a gun into a violent encounter, it increases the chances that someone will die. In the end, the notion of violence in self-defense will only create more violence. It is for that reason that not only should handguns themselves be eradicated from the hands of the general public, but they should never be allowed to carry out in public. It is a fact that the Constitution guarantees us the right to bear arms. The Second Amendment in the Bill of Rights states: A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Our founding fathers who authored the Constitution were certainly aware of the British efforts to disarm the colonists and believed a militia was necessary to defend democracy. However, in the present day, owners of handguns are not members of a militia attempting to fight a tyrannical power or oppression. Any type of gun that can be concealed should be abolished from the hands of ordinary citizens and only placed in the hands of the men and women of our police force whom are trained professionals. This will de-emphasize the use of another slogan If guns are outlawed, only outlaws will have guns. It simply will not be the case as long as only those who are legitimate protectors of society are the only people who have access to them. WORKS CITED Agresti, James D. Gun Control. Just Facts Foundation. 10 June 1999. 20 October 2007. www.justfacts.com. Desuka, Nan. Why Handguns Must Be Outlawed.. Current Issues and Enduring Questions. Boston: Bedford, 1993. Cassidy, J. Warren. The Case For Firearms. Current Issues and Enduring Questions. Boston: Bedford, 1993. Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence. Families of Virginia Tech Victims and Survivors Call on U.S. Senate to Strengthen Brady Background Checks. 21 October 2007. www.handguncontrol.org

Two different concepts of power and authority

Two different concepts of power and authority Power and authority are two different concepts but they are closely related.Power is completely different from authority because power is needed in order to establish authority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Power is defined as ability of individuals or groups to get what they want despite the opposition. Power is derived from a variety of sources including knowledge, experience and environmental uncertainties (Denhardt et al, 2001). It is also important to recognize that power is specific to each situation. Individuals or groups that may be entirely powerful in one situation may find themselves with little or no power in another. The manager of Super Fine Pty Ltd, who is my Dad, is a perfect example. In running the company, he can exercise the managerial power to run the company. Power is difficult to measure and even to recognize, yet it plays a major role in explaining authority. In organizations, power is most likely exercised in situations where the stakes are high, resources are limited, and goals and processes are unclear (Denhardt et al, 2001). The absence of power in organizations forces us to rely on soley hierarchical authority.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When power becomes legitimate, it is then recognized as authority (Denhardt et al, 2001). Power becomes authority when it is accepted and even desired by society. As stated by the course study notes, authority refers to a situation where a person (or group) has been formally granted a leadership position. An individual has authority when everyday norms and regulations support the exercising of power by that individual. In an organizational setting, authority is hierarchal and vested in positions, which are defined by organizational charts, positions and rules. Generally, power in authority also involves the possibility of rewards such as promotions and good performance reviews. The negative side of this is that it also presents the possibility of punishments, such as disciplinary actions and demotions. Power by way of authority is a more formal form of power. Authority figures within an organization are granted a level of power which individuals must comply with. Power in Organizations:- Power is the ability of one person to influence another. They can use this power to become leaders and to manage businesses. Power also brings influence on the behavior and attitudes of other people. This can be applied to customers and/or suppliers. The demand for power is common among the business world. There is a difference in power and authority. Only people who hold formal positions have authority, whereas all people at any level of an organized company have the power to influence other people. Authority is power. It is power on another level. Power is obvious and understood, while authority is vested in a particular position. An example of such a position of authority would be the CEO of a company or a GM. The distinguishing aspect however lies between the position and the need to become more powerful. Where there is power, there are also consequences that go along with it. It depends on how the power is used and to whom it is inflicted. The consequences range from a number of general effects. There are three specific examples of this. They are commitment, compliance, and resistance. Power is the stronghold for the three fold outcome that is brought on through consequences. Commitment:- Commitment can be as simple as following through with the task at hand or lack thereof. It is best defined in this way, when the followers welcome the influence process and accept it as reasonable and legitimate. Commitment can be shown through an employees ability to complete the task they are given by the person with more power than they possess. They will change their ideals to match that of the higher authority. If the CEO of a company says that his proposal is going to change, in the mind of the employee, they agree to change theirs as well. The employees, or people of lower authority, believe in the success of the company, they are fully committed the leaders ideas. The outcome of commitment is accepting without a doubt that whatever the leader says goes. Compliance:- Compliance determines asking someone to do something or perform a job, but they are not committed to it. They go along with their leader simply because they have to; it is party of their job. They could be doing it out of fear that they may fail or become jobless if they do not follow through. What sort of leader wants their co-workers to appear weak and not as dedicated as they should be? That is why the business leaders of the world want the best they can get? No boss wants to ask twice or to complain about an employee who, to put it simply, just doesnt care enough. Resistance:- Resistance defines when people do not actively agree with their leader or authority figure and passively resist it. This can affect their efficiency as a worker and can set a poor example for the rest of the employees around them. They can set a low standard of thinking that they do not have to do the job because there are other people who can do it instead. They may have the mindset that they are superior or too busy to deal with something that they do not fully agree with. This particular consequence is crucial to the reputation and status of the employee within the company. Relationship between power and leadership:- One important factor within power and leadership is the distribution of power. In organizations today, they feel that concentrated power can be detrimental to an organizations performance. When I say this I mean that more equal power should be distributed throughout the company, bringing about a higher performance in an organizations operating systems, to make decisions. Power should be equally distributed throughout, with the exception of the authority figures. If companies didnt have CEOs or managers, there would be too many power starving people and much more chaos. They keep the business flow organized. They make sure that their employees follow through with their jobs and support the businesss purpose. Within distribution of power, there are differences in the ways cultures view its importance. For example, in some cultures the implementation of power sharing is likely to face more obstacles in a culture where sub ordinance do not rely heavily on their superiors.refrence This is contrary to the common culture that most of us know in our world. For example, in the United States, people would be more likely to respond to managers that they favour or take liking to. On the contrary, people in overseas countries would be more likely to follow directions that are given by managers who have authentic power or authority. This goes to show how cultural influence has not only an obvious affect, but a psychological one as well. It can propose ideas that need to be honored because the culture believes that it is a better way of doing things. They believe that if they perform a certain way, they are doing things the best way. Within power in leadership, I have stated the reasons and consequences that appear most relevant. In most companies, the want for power is greatly desired. The more powerful one individual is, the more successful and respected they become. They have a greater influence to the people who follow them, who are looking for a way to find a safe position of status. They need to feel that they are efficient enough to do their job and to make sure people see that quality in them. Sources of power within leadership:- Sources of power are part of the second focal point within power and leadership. There are five genuine sources of power. They are legitimate power, reward power, coercive power, expert power, and referent power. All of these prove to be valid in getting a deeper insight to the sources of power. The second aspect within sources of power is using individual sources of power. Sources are described below as follows:- Legitimate power: Legitimate power is based on person holding a formal position. Others may comply because they accept the legitimacy of the position of the power holder. it is going to have the most fulfillments out of all other powers. It is better described as having power, but abilities to give rewards and punishments are limited. Once leaders lose their position of authority, they lose their influential meaning for others. Reward power:- Reward power is based on a persons access to rewards. Others comply because they want the rewards the power holder can offer.Once the access to the rewards or punishment is taken away by the organization, people start to resist the leader and his demands. This by far is one of the worst powers to orchestrate your company due to the potential resistance level of the employees situation. Coercive power:- Coercive power is determined by persons ability to punish. Others comply because they fear punishment.It also has the potential reaction for resistance. Punishment serves as an intimidator in this case. Fear of punishment is not the same as respect of authority. Employees are more likely to resist when they know that they will be punished because it takes away their dignity and respect for themselves in a working environment. Expert power:- Expert power depends on a persons expertise, competence, and information in a certain area. Others comply by, they believe in the power holders knowledge and competence. This power shows as having a potential reaction in the compliance area. If a leader proves to be educated and well trained in an area of business, the employees will abide and follow his wants and demands. If not however, the drive to succeed and meet the demands is absent. Referent power:- Referent power is influenced by persons attractiveness to find a friendship with others. Others comply because they respect and like the power holder. This type of power has the best potential for committed employees. They agree with their surroundings and the people who hold authority over them. It is not like an intimidating or difficult work place, but one that agrees with their skills and beliefs. When the superior and employee get along and hold a relationship that is positive, it accounts for a mutual understanding of the business requirements. Along with these five sources, there is the individual source and how it is used. Influence comes into play because it is related to power. Power brings about change in compatibility. Powerful leaders could or could not influence subordinates behaviors, or influence can occur without a specific source of power. Personal appeal depends on referent power and usually occurs with co-workers. This is likely to relate to commitment. Inspiration and influence persuade workers, while superiors moderate their organizations. There are different ways of the power to come from either internal or external. It stems forth from great leadership skills and a dependable foundation. To form the analysis of why there is power, there are five sources which are tied in Dark side of power:- The dark side of power is the major phase within leadership. There are different reasons of it which brings consequences and solutions that go along with it. This does not mean that all power is used with the same mind set. Some is used for the common welfare of all people, while other forms are one sided. Basically the grey side of power is when leaders succeed at the employees expense. Without accountability, excessive power brings many negative consequences. Too much power is blamed for different spoils, ranging from financial waste, fraud and sexual harassment. Some of the causes such dark side comes from leaders, who create the distance from others. They put their abilities up on a pedestal, portraying their view of themselves as being superior to others around them. One of the biggest causes power addiction is due to too much praise of the leader for simple things, flattering that the leader is always right. Another is when the leader imposes his thought above all others, considering his junior is incapable because whatever he says goes. A prime example of such a corruption is allowing a retired CEO to come back and receive benefits and all of the company incentives, while stepping down from the CEO position. Consequences of dark side of power:- There are also some consequences of dark side of the power. On a general level, having a distance from others in the organization itself leads to poor decision making because they lack the information needed to make good judgments. Another consequence of excessive power is a sense of immorality; they consider themselves subject to different rules than their subordinates which creates unethical and illegal behavior in leaders while expecting their subordinates to follow instruction at every cost. One last consequence is the devaluing to followers. Jeopardizing their self-worth to better the superiors standings is another way to put it. This can result in an overly assumed sense of control that makes the follower feel weak and incompetent. Some of the solutions are that could narrow the gap between followers and leaders is to involve them in day-to-day activities, minimizing the followers dependency on the leader, and involving outsiders in decision making. These things can help up to some extent to prevent excessive centralization of power and abuse. Through the causes, consequences, and solutions associated with the dark side of power, discussion can be evaluated for many things. They are just three ways to divide what the dark side of power actually is and who culprit is associated with it. Once deeper understanding about the dark side of power has gained, preventions and modifications can be implemented to deter these things from coming between a leader and a follower. Everyone wants to become a leader to have a superiority complex and respect by other subordinates. Being leader and a superior is great fulfillment to our self-esteem due to the reason that power to control over things and demand of whatever we want and we gain respect from the others. But we must put in our mind that being a leader, it is not an easy to perform by everyone. The essence of being a leadership is to come down at subordinates level and listen to them in order to inspire in working. As a leader they must see it that they are accessible and available all the time to their subordinates. Effective leader:-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To become an effective leader, a leader should possess some skills in managing their people. These skills include communication, trustworthy and confidence. Leader must provide clear instructions to their subordinates and provide some insights about the nature of their work, let them know about the worth of their work for the organization and how they will be able to contribute the progress of their institution or their company. Good leaders are not born, they are made. They must undergo a process of thorough self-examining, education, training and experience, it helps them to make their subordinates in determining their work and become focus in everything they do. In these processes the teamwork will be enhanced. The leaders must also know and aware of some specific things in order to make him an effective leader.  He should have the understanding about the difference between leader and a boss, where being a leader his follower aim high to achieve the goal while being a boss the s ubordinates will become intimidate and not able to give their best.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leadership is applicable to all aspects as long there are group that are working together. A group must have a leader in order to have there is a systematic flow of organizations. In applying effective leadership into a certain institution like managing or running a school, there must be a leader who will guide the people in their doing and to have a systematic outcome.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In a school culture, leadership is very important for the reason that they are molding the next generation leader. For which, effective leadership skills, the headmasters must be capable enough in handling their subordinates. Where the headmasters must be approachable and available at all time moreover being a leader they should segregate the information to their subordinates having clear instructions. With this proper communication, the subordinates will be able to give their best. For instance, if there is conflict arising between of their subordinates it can easily fix through a proper counseling in that case it will not become bigger. Furthermore, if there are any complaints from the students it can easily figure out.   With regards to this situation the subordinates will be competing with each other but instead they are working as teamwork. Conclusion:- Through an effective leadership it will make the subordinates to become responsible and independent to work their job. Having an effective leadership of a certain management it attracts lots of competent people applying in different position, in this case it will uplift the standard of an institution that there are lots of people will be trusting them and gain respect which is a fulfillment of being a leader where we can learn a lesson that is worth to keep. Refrences:- Yung-Shui, Wang, and Huang Tung-Chun. 2009. THE RELATIONSHIP OF TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP WITH GROUP COHESIVENESS AND EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE. Social Behavior Personality: An International Journal 37, no. 3: 379-392. Yukongdi, Vimolwan. 2010. A study of Thai employees preferred leadership style. Asia Pacific Business Review 16, no. 1/2: 161-181 Kanji, Gopal K. 2008. Leadership is prime: How do you measure Leadership Excellence?. Total Quality Management Business Excellence 19, no. 4: 417-427 Belaya, Vera, and Jon Henrich Hanf. 2009. The two sides of power in business-to-business relationships: implications for supply chain management. Marketing Review 9, no. 4: 361-381. Bunderson, J. Stuart. 2003. TEAM MEMBER FUNCTIONAL BACKGROUND AND INVOLVEMENT IN MANAGEMENT TEAMS: DIRECT EFFECTS AND THE MODERATING ROLE OF POWER CENTRALIZATION. Academy of Management Journal 46, no. 4: 458-474 Ingram, Thomas N., Raymond W. LaForge, and Jr., Charles H. Schwepker. 2007. SALESPERSON ETHICAL DECISION MAKING: THE IMPACT OF SALES LEADERSHIP AND SALES MANAGEMENT CONTROL STRATEGY. Journal of Personal Selling Sales Management 27, no. 4: 301-315. Denhardt, R.B, Denhardt, J.V. Aristigueta M.P. (2001). Managing Human Behavior in Public and Nonprofit Organization. Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks, CA. Global leadership and personal power by Jeffrey grandz- iveybusiness journal.